, L'Afrique de l'Ouest bloquée; , Le développement inégal (translation: Unequal development) , L'échange inégal et la loi de la valeur; , 'Le developpement inegal. Essai sur les formations sociales du capitalisme peripherique' Paris: Editions de Minuit. , Neocolonialism in West Africa L'Ame de Napoléon. Mercure de France, Paris. Deutschsprachige Ausgabe: Die Seele Napoleons. Übersetzt von Phil Schulze Dieckhoff. Books on Demand, , ISBN Sur la tombe de Huysmans. Collection des Curiosités littéraires, Paris. Deutsche Ausgabe: Über das Grab von Huysmans. Übersetzt von Ronald Voullié Conclusion Dans cette fable rythmée et plaisante qu'est Les Deux Amis, La Fontaine invite le lecteur à réfléchir sur l'amitié grâce à deux amis dont l'affection l'un pour l'autre est tellement sincère qu'elle semble relever de l'utopie. Comme souvent, La Fontaine réalise également une critique de la société, et notamment du manque d'amitié véritable chez les nobles et courtisans
Les Deux Amis - Jean de la Fontaine - Commentaire
He is noted for his introduction of the term Eurocentrism in [2] and considered a pioneer of Dependency Theory. Amin was born in Cairothe son of an Egyptian father and a French mother both medical doctors. He spent his childhood and youth in Port Said ; there he attended a French high school, leaving in with a Baccalauréat. It was at high school that Amin was first politicized when, dissertation sur l utopie, during the Second World War, Egyptian students were split between communists and nationalists; Amin belonged to the former group.
By then Amin had already adopted a resolute stance against fascism and Nazism. While the upheaval against British domination in Egypt informed his politics, he rejected the idea that the enemy of their enemy, Nazi Germany, was the Egyptians' friend. In Amin left for Paris where he obtained a second high school diploma with a specialization in elementary mathematics from the prestigious Lycée Henri IV. He gained a diploma in political science at Sciences Po before graduating in statistics at INSEE and also in economics In his autobiography Itinéraire intellectuel he wrote that in order dissertation sur l utopie spend a substantial amount of time in "militant action" he could devote only a minimum to preparing for his university exams.
The intellectual and the political struggle remained inseparable for Amin all throughout his life. Rather than explaining the world and its atrocities he meant to dissertation sur l utopie and to be part of struggles aimed at changing the world.
After arriving in Paris, dissertation sur l utopie, Amin joined the French Communist Party PCFbut he later distanced himself from Soviet Marxism and associated himself for some time with Maoist circles. With other students he published a magazine entitled Étudiants Anticolonialistes. His ideas and political position were also strongly influenced by the Asian—African Bandung Conference and the nationalization of the Suez Canal.
The latter even encouraged him to postpone his PhD thesis that was ready in June to take part in dissertation sur l utopie political unrest. In he presented his thesis, supervised by François Perroux among others, originally titled The origins of underdevelopment — capitalist accumulation on a world scale but retitled The structural effects of the international integration of precapitalist economies, dissertation sur l utopie.
A theoretical study of the mechanism which creates so-called underdeveloped economies. His participation in the Communist Party that was clandestine at the time made for very difficult working conditions. In Amin left for Paris where he worked for six months for the Department of Economic and Financial Studies - Service des Études Économiques et Financières SEEF. Subsequently, Amin left France, to become an adviser to the Ministry dissertation sur l utopie Planning in Bamako Mali under the presidency of Modibo Keïta.
He held that position from to working with prominent French economists such as Jean Bénard and Charles Bettelheim. In he was offered a dissertation sur l utopie at the Institut Africain de Développement Économique et de Planification IDEP. Within the IDEP Amin created several institutions that eventually became independent entities. Among them one that later became the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa CODESRIAdissertation sur l utopie, conceived on the model of the Latin American Council for Social Sciences CLACSO.
Until he worked there as well as being a professor at the University of PoitiersDakar and Paris of Paris VIII, Vincennes. In he became director of the IDEP, which he managed until In Amin left the IDEP and became a director of the Third World Forum in Dakar. Amin lived in Dakar until the end of July On July 31 he was, diagnosed with lung cancer, transferred to a hospital in Paris. Amin died on August 12 at the age of Samir Amin is considered a pioneer of Dependency Theory and World System Theory, while he preferred to call himself part of the school of Global Historical Materialism see 2.
Baran and Paul Sweezy. Amin states three fundamental contradictions of capitalist ideology: 1. The dissertation sur l utopie of profitability stand against the striving of the working people to determine their own fate rights of workers as well as democracy were enforced against capitalist logic ; 2.
The short-term rational economic calculus stands against long-term safeguarding of the future ecology debate ; 3. The expansive dynamics of capitalism lead to polarizing spatial structures - the Center-Periphery Model. Development and underdevelopment consequently constitute both facets of the unique expansion of global capitalism.
Amin identifies himself as being a part of the school of global historical materialism, in contrast to the two other strands of dependency theory, the so-called dependencia and the World Systems Theory. The dependencia school is a Latin American school associated with e, dissertation sur l utopie. Ruy Mauro Marini, Theotônio dos Santos, and Raúl Prebisch. Prominent figures of the World Systems Theory are Immanuel Wallerstein and Giovanni Arrighi.
the notion of a semi-periphery and was against the theorization of capitalism as cyclical as by Nikolai Kondratjew or any kind of retrojection.
For Amin, the school of global historical materialism was Marxism understood as a global system. Within this framework, the Marxist law of value is central see 2. In Amins understanding of these terms that is to say: economic science, while indispensable, cannot explain the full reality, dissertation sur l utopie.
Mainly because it cannot account either for the historical origins of the system itself, nor for outcomes of class struggle, dissertation sur l utopie. It is created by the societal reactions to these tendencies that express themselves in these laws and that determine the social conditions in whose framework these laws operate.
Amins theory of a global law of value describes a system of unequal exchange, dissertation sur l utopie, in which the difference in the wages between labor forces in different nations is greater than the difference between their productivities. In contrast, in the centres accumulation is cumulative and wages increase in accordance with rising productivity. This situation is perpetuated by the existence of a massive global reserve army located primarily in the periphery, while at the same time these countries are more structurally dependent, and their governments tend to oppress social movements which would win increased wages.
Further, the core countries keep monopolies on technology, control of financial flows, military power, ideological and media production, and dissertation sur l utopie to natural resources see 2. The system of worldwide value as described above means, that there is one imperial world system, encompassing both the global North and the global South.
Further, the polarization between Center and Peripheries is a phenomenon inherent in historical capitalism. Resorting to Arrighi, Amin differentiates the following mechanism of polarization: 1. The capital flight takes place from the periphery to the centre; 2. selective migration of workers is heading in the same direction; 3, dissertation sur l utopie.
Monopoly situation of the central companies in the global division of labour, in particular, the technology monopoly and the monopoly of global finances; 4. Control of centres on access to natural resources. Historically, Amin differentiated three phases: MercantilismExpansion and Monopoly Capitalism today.
Amin adds that the current phase is dominated by generalized, financialized, dissertation sur l utopie, and globalized oligopolies located primarily in the triad of USA, Europe, and Japan, dissertation sur l utopie. The triad enjoys the monopoly of five advantages: weapons of mass destruction; mass communication systems; monetary and financial systems; technologies; and access to natural resources.
It wishes to keep these at any cost and thus has engaged in the militarization of the world in order to avoid losing these monopolies. Amin further differentiated the existence of two historical phases of the development of monopoly capitalism: proper monopoly capitalism up toand oligopoly-finance capitalism after that.
Stagnation he considered as the rule and rapid economic growth as the exception under late capitalism. According to him, the rapid growth of — was mainly the product of historical conditions brought into being by the Second World War and could not last.
According to Amin, as a result of imperialism and super-exploitation, political systems in the south are often distorted towards forms of autocratic rule, dissertation sur l utopie. To maintain control over the periphery, the imperial powers promote backwards-looking social relations drawing on archaic elements. Amin argues for example that political Islam is chiefly a creature of imperialism. This belief led Samir Amin to assign significant importance to the project adopted by the Asian—African countries at the Bandoeng Indonesia Conference in Thereby dissertation sur l utopie National Law of Value should be defined without reference to the Global Law of Value of the capitalist system e.
food sovereignty instead of free trade, minimum wages instead of international competitiveness, full employment guaranteed by government. The main effect of this move would be to raise wages in agriculture.
Amin suggested that national states redistribute resources between sectors, dissertation sur l utopie, and centralize and distribute the surplus. Full employment should be guaranteed, and the exodus from rural to urban areas discouraged. After the decolonization on a state level, this should lead to economic liberation from neo-colonialism.
Relatively stable countries with some military power have more leverage in this regard than small countries. It was also clear to Amin that such decoupling also requires certain political prerequisites within a country. His country studies, initially limited to Africa, taught him that a national bourgeoisie geared towards a national project, neither existed nor was it emerging.
Regarding the project of an auto-centered new beginning the decoupling he hoped instead for social movements, which is why he was committed to numerous non-governmental organizations until the end. This then created a global rift, arising dissertation sur l utopie the aggressive outward expansion of capitalism and colonialism.
Only in the capitalist period has Europe been dominant. In practice, however, capitalism does not homogenise but rather polarises the world. Eurocentrism is thus more of an ideal than a real possibility. It also creates problems in reinforcing racism and imperialism. Fascism remains a permanent risk, because to Amin it is an extreme version of Eurocentrism. Amin was long an influence on and supporter of the leaders of Cambodia's Khmer Rouge regime, becoming acquainted with the Khmer Rouge's future leaders in post-World War II Paris, where Pol PotKhieu Samphanand other Cambodian students were studying.
Khieu Samphan's doctoral thesis, dissertation sur l utopie, which he finished innoted collaborations with Amin and claimed to apply Amin's theories to Cambodia.
Amin continued to actively praise the Khmer Rouge into the s. At a talk in Tokyo, Amin praised Pol Pot's work as "one of the major successes of the struggle for socialism in our era" and as necessary against "expansionism" from the Soviet Union or from Vietnam.
The humanitarian argument is in the final analysis the argument offered by all the colonialists Isn't dissertation sur l utopie cause of evil] first of all the American imperialists and Lon Nol? Isn't it today the Vietnamese army and their project of colonizing Kampuchea? Here I would make the first priority the construction of a Paris — Berlin — Moscow political and strategic alliance, extended if possible to Beijing and Delhi … to build military strength at a level required by the challenge of the United States We must head in this direction … above all with determination, dissertation sur l utopie.
But they appear to believe that they can maneuver and avoid directly clashing with the United State[s]. According to Samir Amin, political Islam leads its struggle on the terrain of culturewherein "culture" is intended as "belongingness to one religion".
Islamist militants are not actually interested in the discussion of dogmas which form religion, but on the contrary are concerned about the ritual assertion of membership in the community. Such a world view is therefore not only distressing, as it conceals an immense poverty of thought, but it also justifies Imperialism 's strategy of substituting a "conflict of cultures" for a conflict between the liberal, imperialist centres and the backward, dominated peripheries.
This importance attributed to culture allows political Islam to obscure from every sphere of life the realistic social dichotomy between the working classes and the global capitalist system which oppresses and exploits them.
La dissertation - Philosophie - Terminale
, time: 8:11Samir Amin - Wikipedia
L'Ame de Napoléon. Mercure de France, Paris. Deutschsprachige Ausgabe: Die Seele Napoleons. Übersetzt von Phil Schulze Dieckhoff. Books on Demand, , ISBN Sur la tombe de Huysmans. Collection des Curiosités littéraires, Paris. Deutsche Ausgabe: Über das Grab von Huysmans. Übersetzt von Ronald Voullié L’UTOPIE Définition du mot: en grec cela signifie «en aucun lieu: nulle part». L’Utopie est au début un pays imaginaire où un gouvernement idéal règne sur un peuple heureux, mais dès le 18ème siècle, le sens du mot s’élargit ; l’utopie est un idéal politique qui ne tient pas compte de la réalité Conclusion Dans cette fable rythmée et plaisante qu'est Les Deux Amis, La Fontaine invite le lecteur à réfléchir sur l'amitié grâce à deux amis dont l'affection l'un pour l'autre est tellement sincère qu'elle semble relever de l'utopie. Comme souvent, La Fontaine réalise également une critique de la société, et notamment du manque d'amitié véritable chez les nobles et courtisans
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